Case-ascertained study of household transmission of seasonal influenza — South Africa, 2013
Identifieur interne : 001355 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 001354; suivant : 001356Case-ascertained study of household transmission of seasonal influenza — South Africa, 2013
Auteurs : Preetha Iyengar [États-Unis] ; Claire Von Mollendorf [Afrique du Sud] ; Stefano Tempia [Afrique du Sud, États-Unis] ; Alexandra Moerdyk [Afrique du Sud] ; Ziyaad Valley-Omar [Afrique du Sud] ; Orienka Hellferscee [Afrique du Sud] ; Neil Martinson [États-Unis] ; Meera Chhagan [Afrique du Sud] ; Meredith Mcmorrow [États-Unis] ; Manoj Gambhir [États-Unis, Australie] ; Simon Cauchemez [France] ; Ebrahim Variava [Afrique du Sud] ; Katlego Masonoke [États-Unis] ; Adam L. Cohen [États-Unis, Afrique du Sud] ; Cheryl Cohen [Afrique du Sud]Source :
- The Journal of infection [ 0163-4453 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- KwdFr :
- Adolescent, Adulte, Caractéristiques familiales, Enfant, Enquêtes et questionnaires, Facteurs de risque, Femelle, Grippe humaine (transmission), Grippe humaine (virologie), Grippe humaine (épidémiologie), Humains, Jeune adulte, Mâle, République d'Afrique du Sud (épidémiologie), Saisons, Santé de la famille, Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (isolement et purification), Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (physiologie), Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A (isolement et purification), Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A (physiologie), Études de suivi.
- MESH :
- isolement et purification : Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A, Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A.
- physiologie : Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A, Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A.
- virologie : Grippe humaine.
- épidémiologie : Grippe humaine, République d'Afrique du Sud.
- Adolescent, Adulte, Caractéristiques familiales, Enfant, Enquêtes et questionnaires, Facteurs de risque, Femelle, Humains, Jeune adulte, Mâle, Saisons, Santé de la famille, Études de suivi.
- Wicri :
- geographic : Afrique du Sud.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Family Characteristics, Family Health, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (isolation & purification), Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (physiology), Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype (isolation & purification), Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype (physiology), Influenza, Human (epidemiology), Influenza, Human (transmission), Influenza, Human (virology), Male, Risk Factors, Seasons, South Africa (epidemiology), Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult.
- MESH :
- geographic , epidemiology : South Africa.
- epidemiology : Influenza, Human.
- isolation & purification : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype.
- physiology : Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype, Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype.
- transmission : Influenza, Human.
- virology : Influenza, Human.
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, Family Characteristics, Family Health, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Seasons, Surveys and Questionnaires, Young Adult.
Abstract
The household is important in influenza transmission due to intensity of contact. Previous studies reported secondary attack rates (SAR) of 4–10% for laboratory-confirmed influenza in the household. Few have been conducted in middle-income countries.
We performed a case-ascertained household transmission study during May–October 2013. Index cases were patients with influenza-like-illness (cough and self-reported or measured fever (≥38 °C)) with onset in the last 3 days and no sick household contacts, at clinics in South Africa. Household contacts of index cases with laboratory-confirmed influenza were followed for 12 days.
Thirty index cases in 30 households and 107/110 (97%) eligible household contacts were enrolled. Assuming those not enrolled were influenza negative, 21/110 household contacts had laboratory-confirmed influenza (SAR 19%); the mean serial interval was 2.1 days (SD = 0.35, range 2–3 days). Most (62/82; 76%) household contacts who completed the risk factor questionnaire never avoided contact and 43/82 (52%) continued to share a bed with the index case after illness onset.
SAR for laboratory-confirmed influenza in South Africa was higher than previously reported SARs. Household contacts did not report changing behaviors to prevent transmission. These results can be used to understand and predict influenza transmission in similar middle-income settings.
Url:
DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.09.001
PubMed: 26366941
PubMed Central: 4667753
Affiliations:
- Afrique du Sud, Australie, France, États-Unis
- Gauteng, Géorgie (États-Unis), Maryland, Victoria (État), Île-de-France
- Johannesbourg, Melbourne, Paris
- Université du Witwatersrand
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Le document en format XML
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Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Global Disease Detection Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Von Mollendorf, Claire" sort="Von Mollendorf, Claire" uniqKey="Von Mollendorf C" first="Claire" last="Von Mollendorf">Claire Von Mollendorf</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A5">School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Tempia, Stefano" sort="Tempia, Stefano" uniqKey="Tempia S" first="Stefano" last="Tempia">Stefano Tempia</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pretoria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7">Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Moerdyk, Alexandra" sort="Moerdyk, Alexandra" uniqKey="Moerdyk A" first="Alexandra" last="Moerdyk">Alexandra Moerdyk</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Valley Omar, Ziyaad" sort="Valley Omar, Ziyaad" uniqKey="Valley Omar Z" first="Ziyaad" last="Valley-Omar">Ziyaad Valley-Omar</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Hellferscee, Orienka" sort="Hellferscee, Orienka" uniqKey="Hellferscee O" first="Orienka" last="Hellferscee">Orienka Hellferscee</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Martinson, Neil" sort="Martinson, Neil" uniqKey="Martinson N" first="Neil" last="Martinson">Neil Martinson</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A8">Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Chhagan, Meera" sort="Chhagan, Meera" uniqKey="Chhagan M" first="Meera" last="Chhagan">Meera Chhagan</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A9">Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King George V Ave, Glenwood, Durban, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pediatrics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, King George V Ave, Glenwood, Durban</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Durban</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mcmorrow, Meredith" sort="Mcmorrow, Meredith" uniqKey="Mcmorrow M" first="Meredith" last="Mcmorrow">Meredith Mcmorrow</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7">Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Gambhir, Manoj" sort="Gambhir, Manoj" uniqKey="Gambhir M" first="Manoj" last="Gambhir">Manoj Gambhir</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A10">Modeling Unit, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Modeling Unit, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Disease, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A11">Epidemiological Modelling Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Australia</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Australie</country><wicri:regionArea>Epidemiological Modelling Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne</wicri:regionArea><placeName><settlement type="city">Melbourne</settlement><region type="état">Victoria (État)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cauchemez, Simon" sort="Cauchemez, Simon" uniqKey="Cauchemez S" first="Simon" last="Cauchemez">Simon Cauchemez</name><affiliation wicri:level="3"><nlm:aff id="A12">Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">France</country><wicri:regionArea>Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="region">Île-de-France</region><region type="old region">Île-de-France</region><settlement type="city">Paris</settlement></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Variava, Ebrahim" sort="Variava, Ebrahim" uniqKey="Variava E" first="Ebrahim" last="Variava">Ebrahim Variava</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A13">Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex and University of the Witwatersrand, Corner of OR Tambo and John Orr Street, Klerksdorp, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Medicine, Klerksdorp Tshepong Hospital Complex and University of the Witwatersrand, Corner of OR Tambo and John Orr Street, Klerksdorp</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Masonoke, Katlego" sort="Masonoke, Katlego" uniqKey="Masonoke K" first="Katlego" last="Masonoke">Katlego Masonoke</name><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A8">Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Perinatal HIV Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johns Hopkins University Center for TB Research, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement></placeName><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Adam L" sort="Cohen, Adam L" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Adam L." last="Cohen">Adam L. Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A3">US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>US Public Health Service, 5600 Fishers Ln, Rockville, MD</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Maryland</region></placeName></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A6">Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—South Africa, PO Box 9536, Pretoria</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Pretoria</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="2"><nlm:aff id="A7">Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA, USA</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">États-Unis</country><wicri:regionArea>Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA</wicri:regionArea><placeName><region type="state">Géorgie (États-Unis)</region></placeName></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Cohen, Cheryl" sort="Cohen, Cheryl" uniqKey="Cohen C" first="Cheryl" last="Cohen">Cheryl Cohen</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="A4">Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Respiratory Diseases and Meningitis, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Johannesburg</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="4"><nlm:aff id="A5">School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Afrique du Sud</country><wicri:regionArea>School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein, Johannesburg</wicri:regionArea><orgName type="university">Université du Witwatersrand</orgName><placeName><settlement type="city">Johannesbourg</settlement><region type="region" nuts="2">Gauteng</region></placeName></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">The Journal of infection</title><idno type="ISSN">0163-4453</idno><idno type="eISSN">1532-2742</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Child</term><term>Family Characteristics</term><term>Family Health</term><term>Female</term><term>Follow-Up Studies</term><term>Humans</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (isolation & purification)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype (physiology)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype (isolation & purification)</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype (physiology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (epidemiology)</term><term>Influenza, Human (transmission)</term><term>Influenza, Human (virology)</term><term>Male</term><term>Risk Factors</term><term>Seasons</term><term>South Africa (epidemiology)</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="KwdFr" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Caractéristiques familiales</term><term>Enfant</term><term>Enquêtes et questionnaires</term><term>Facteurs de risque</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Grippe humaine (transmission)</term><term>Grippe humaine (virologie)</term><term>Grippe humaine (épidémiologie)</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Mâle</term><term>République d'Afrique du Sud (épidémiologie)</term><term>Saisons</term><term>Santé de la famille</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (isolement et purification)</term><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A (physiologie)</term><term>Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A (isolement et purification)</term><term>Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A (physiologie)</term><term>Études de suivi</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>South Africa</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="epidemiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolation & purification" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="isolement et purification" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term><term>Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Sous-type H1N1 du virus de la grippe A</term><term>Sous-type H3N2 du virus de la grippe A</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="physiology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype</term><term>Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="transmission" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="virology" xml:lang="en"><term>Influenza, Human</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="épidémiologie" xml:lang="fr"><term>Grippe humaine</term><term>République d'Afrique du Sud</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adult</term><term>Child</term><term>Family Characteristics</term><term>Family Health</term><term>Female</term><term>Follow-Up Studies</term><term>Humans</term><term>Male</term><term>Risk Factors</term><term>Seasons</term><term>Surveys and Questionnaires</term><term>Young Adult</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="fr"><term>Adolescent</term><term>Adulte</term><term>Caractéristiques familiales</term><term>Enfant</term><term>Enquêtes et questionnaires</term><term>Facteurs de risque</term><term>Femelle</term><term>Humains</term><term>Jeune adulte</term><term>Mâle</term><term>Saisons</term><term>Santé de la famille</term><term>Études de suivi</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Afrique du Sud</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><title>Summary</title><sec id="S1"><title>Objectives</title><p id="P2">The household is important in influenza transmission due to intensity of contact. Previous studies reported secondary attack rates (SAR) of 4–10% for laboratory-confirmed influenza in the household. Few have been conducted in middle-income countries.</p></sec><sec id="S2"><title>Methods</title><p id="P3">We performed a case-ascertained household transmission study during May–October 2013. Index cases were patients with influenza-like-illness (cough and self-reported or measured fever (≥38 °C)) with onset in the last 3 days and no sick household contacts, at clinics in South Africa. Household contacts of index cases with laboratory-confirmed influenza were followed for 12 days.</p></sec><sec id="S3"><title>Results</title><p id="P4">Thirty index cases in 30 households and 107/110 (97%) eligible household contacts were enrolled. Assuming those not enrolled were influenza negative, 21/110 household contacts had laboratory-confirmed influenza (SAR 19%); the mean serial interval was 2.1 days (SD = 0.35, range 2–3 days). Most (62/82; 76%) household contacts who completed the risk factor questionnaire never avoided contact and 43/82 (52%) continued to share a bed with the index case after illness onset.</p></sec><sec id="S4"><title>Conclusion</title><p id="P5">SAR for laboratory-confirmed influenza in South Africa was higher than previously reported SARs. Household contacts did not report changing behaviors to prevent transmission. These results can be used to understand and predict influenza transmission in similar middle-income settings.</p></sec></div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Afrique du Sud</li><li>Australie</li><li>France</li><li>États-Unis</li></country><region><li>Gauteng</li><li>Géorgie (États-Unis)</li><li>Maryland</li><li>Victoria (État)</li><li>Île-de-France</li></region><settlement><li>Johannesbourg</li><li>Melbourne</li><li>Paris</li></settlement><orgName><li>Université du Witwatersrand</li></orgName></list><tree><country name="États-Unis"><region name="Géorgie (États-Unis)"><name sortKey="Iyengar, Preetha" sort="Iyengar, Preetha" uniqKey="Iyengar P" first="Preetha" last="Iyengar">Preetha Iyengar</name></region><name sortKey="Cohen, Adam L" sort="Cohen, Adam L" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Adam L." last="Cohen">Adam L. Cohen</name><name sortKey="Cohen, Adam L" sort="Cohen, Adam L" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Adam L." last="Cohen">Adam L. Cohen</name><name sortKey="Gambhir, Manoj" sort="Gambhir, Manoj" uniqKey="Gambhir M" first="Manoj" last="Gambhir">Manoj Gambhir</name><name sortKey="Iyengar, Preetha" sort="Iyengar, Preetha" uniqKey="Iyengar P" first="Preetha" last="Iyengar">Preetha Iyengar</name><name sortKey="Iyengar, Preetha" sort="Iyengar, Preetha" uniqKey="Iyengar P" first="Preetha" last="Iyengar">Preetha Iyengar</name><name sortKey="Martinson, Neil" sort="Martinson, Neil" uniqKey="Martinson N" first="Neil" last="Martinson">Neil Martinson</name><name sortKey="Masonoke, Katlego" sort="Masonoke, Katlego" uniqKey="Masonoke K" first="Katlego" last="Masonoke">Katlego Masonoke</name><name sortKey="Mcmorrow, Meredith" sort="Mcmorrow, Meredith" uniqKey="Mcmorrow M" first="Meredith" last="Mcmorrow">Meredith Mcmorrow</name><name sortKey="Mcmorrow, Meredith" sort="Mcmorrow, Meredith" uniqKey="Mcmorrow M" first="Meredith" last="Mcmorrow">Meredith Mcmorrow</name><name sortKey="Tempia, Stefano" sort="Tempia, Stefano" uniqKey="Tempia S" first="Stefano" last="Tempia">Stefano Tempia</name></country><country name="Afrique du Sud"><noRegion><name sortKey="Von Mollendorf, Claire" sort="Von Mollendorf, Claire" uniqKey="Von Mollendorf C" first="Claire" last="Von Mollendorf">Claire Von Mollendorf</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Chhagan, Meera" sort="Chhagan, Meera" uniqKey="Chhagan M" first="Meera" last="Chhagan">Meera Chhagan</name><name sortKey="Cohen, Adam L" sort="Cohen, Adam L" uniqKey="Cohen A" first="Adam L." last="Cohen">Adam L. Cohen</name><name sortKey="Cohen, Cheryl" sort="Cohen, Cheryl" uniqKey="Cohen C" first="Cheryl" last="Cohen">Cheryl Cohen</name><name sortKey="Cohen, Cheryl" sort="Cohen, Cheryl" uniqKey="Cohen C" first="Cheryl" last="Cohen">Cheryl Cohen</name><name sortKey="Hellferscee, Orienka" sort="Hellferscee, Orienka" uniqKey="Hellferscee O" first="Orienka" last="Hellferscee">Orienka Hellferscee</name><name sortKey="Moerdyk, Alexandra" sort="Moerdyk, Alexandra" uniqKey="Moerdyk A" first="Alexandra" last="Moerdyk">Alexandra Moerdyk</name><name sortKey="Tempia, Stefano" sort="Tempia, Stefano" uniqKey="Tempia S" first="Stefano" last="Tempia">Stefano Tempia</name><name sortKey="Valley Omar, Ziyaad" sort="Valley Omar, Ziyaad" uniqKey="Valley Omar Z" first="Ziyaad" last="Valley-Omar">Ziyaad Valley-Omar</name><name sortKey="Variava, Ebrahim" sort="Variava, Ebrahim" uniqKey="Variava E" first="Ebrahim" last="Variava">Ebrahim Variava</name><name sortKey="Von Mollendorf, Claire" sort="Von Mollendorf, Claire" uniqKey="Von Mollendorf C" first="Claire" last="Von Mollendorf">Claire Von Mollendorf</name></country><country name="Australie"><region name="Victoria (État)"><name sortKey="Gambhir, Manoj" sort="Gambhir, Manoj" uniqKey="Gambhir M" first="Manoj" last="Gambhir">Manoj Gambhir</name></region></country><country name="France"><region name="Île-de-France"><name sortKey="Cauchemez, Simon" sort="Cauchemez, Simon" uniqKey="Cauchemez S" first="Simon" last="Cauchemez">Simon Cauchemez</name></region></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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